软质聚氨酯泡沫（Flexible Polyurethane Foam）是指具有一定弹性的一类柔软聚氨酯泡沫，是用量最大的聚氨酯产品。主要品种有高回弹泡沫（HRF）、块状海绵、慢回弹泡沫、自结皮泡沫（ISF）与半硬质吸能泡沫等。软泡的泡孔结构多为开孔，具有密度低、回弹回复好、吸音、透气、保温等性能。主要用作家具垫材、交通工具座椅垫材及各种软性层压复合材料；工业与民用上亦用作过滤、隔音、防震、装饰、包装及隔热保温材料。
聚醚多元醇是在催化剂存在下，由起始剂（含活泼氢基团的化合物）与环氧乙烷（EO）、环氧丙烷（PO）、环氧丁烷（BO）等加聚而成的有机聚合物。普通软泡所用聚醚多元醇主要为三官能度的 3000、3500 分子量聚醚；也有以植物油替代环氧丙烷作长链单体的生物基聚醚多元醇。
| 型号 | 羟值 (mgKOH/g) | 酸值 (mgKOH/g) | 水分 % | pH 值 | Color ApHA | 外观 | 粘度 mPa·s / 25℃ | 钾/钠离子 ppm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3000 分子量 | 54-58 | ≤0.1 | ≤0.1 | 5.5-7.0 | ≤100 | 无色透明液体 | 550-750 | ≤6 |
| 3500 分子量 | 46-50 | ≤0.1 | ≤0.1 | 5.0-7.0 | ≤100 | 无色透明液体 | 550-850 | ≤6 |
Polymer polyol, also known as vinyl-polymer-grafted polyether polyol, is generally white or light cream in appearance. It is a polyol containing organic filler that can replace inorganic fillers, giving the foam higher load-bearing capacity and better resilience while improving cell structure and physical-mechanical properties. Flexible foam production mainly uses polymer polyols with 13% and 45% solids content based on a 3000 分子量 polyether backbone; polymer polyols with 10%, 15% and 25% solids content are also available.
| 牌号 | 羟值 (mgKOH/g) | 水分 % | pH | 外观 | 粘度 mPa·s / 25℃ | 固含量 % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| POP-2045 | 28-32 | ≤0.1 | 7.0-9.0 | 乳白色液体 | ≤5000 | 45% |
| POP-2013 | 38-44 | ≤0.1 | 7.0-9.0 | 乳白色液体 | ≤1500 | 13% |
TDI 是最常用的多异氰酸酯之一，主要用于软质聚氨酯泡沫，亦用于聚氨酯弹性体、涂料与胶粘剂。最常用的 TDI 牌号为 T-80；亦有 T-100、T-65。
| 产品 | 2,4-TDI % | 2,6-TDI % | Color ApHA | 可水解氯 % | 纯度 % | 酸值 (mgKOH/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T-80 | 80.0±2.0 | 20.0±2.0 | ≤40 | ≤0.01 | ≥99 | ≤0.006 |
软质聚氨酯泡沫所用发泡剂主要有两大类：水与低沸点化合物，后者主要为二氯甲烷。
| 产品 | Acid value (HCl) % | 水分 % | 纯度 % | Color (Pt-Co) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dichloromethane | ≤0.0004 | ≤0.04 | ≥99.9 | ≤10 |
The foam stabilizers used for flexible polyurethane foam are mainly silicone surfactants.
By chemical structure, polyurethane catalysts fall into two basic classes: tertiary amines and organometallic compounds (including carboxylates and alkyl compounds). Both are used in conventional flexible foam formulations, mainly A1, A33, DMEA, DEOA, TEOA, T-9 and T-12.
Polyurethane takes dye well. By adding dye or pigment color paste, polyurethane foam — flexible foam in particular — can be produced in bright, vivid colors.
TDCP is one of the best phosphorus-chlorine flame retardants in terms of flame retardancy and durability. It is widely used in flexible and rigid polyurethane foam, PVC, epoxy resin, unsaturated resin, polyester fiber, rubber and conveyor-belt production. Besides self-extinguishing behavior, it improves lightfastness, water resistance, antistatic performance and product gloss.
